Supervised Jet Clustering with Graph Neural Networks for Lorentz Boosted Bosons

Jet clustering is traditionally an unsupervised learning task because there is no unique way to associate hadronic final states with the quark and gluon degrees of freedom that generated them. However, for uncolored particles like $W$, $Z$, and Higgs bosons, it is possible to approximately (though not exactly) associate final state hadrons to their ancestor. By labeling simulated final state hadrons as descending from an uncolored particle, it is possible to train a supervised learning method to create boson jets. Such a method much operates on individual particles and identifies connections between particles originating from the same uncolored particle. Graph neural networks are well-suited for this purpose as they can act on unordered sets and naturally create strong connections between particles with the same label. These networks are used to train a supervised jet clustering algorithm. The kinematic properties of these graph jets better match the properties of simulated Lorentz-boosted $W$ bosons. Furthermore, the graph jets contain more information for discriminating $W$ jets from generic quark jets. This work marks the beginning of a new exploration in jet physics to use machine learning to optimize the construction of jets and not only the observables computed from jet constituents.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, data is published at https://zenodo.org/record/3981290#.XzQs5zVlAUF, code is available at https://github.com/xju2/root_gnn/releases/tag/v0.6.

Reproducibility of the dynamics of facial expressions in unilateral facial palsy

The aim of this study was to assess the reproducibility of non-verbal facial expressions in unilateral facial paralysis using dynamic four-dimensional (4D) imaging. The Di4D system was used to record five facial expressions of 20 adult patients. The system captured 60 three-dimensional (3D) images per second; each facial expression took 3–4 seconds which was recorded in real time. Thus a set of 180 3D facial images was generated for each expression. The procedure was repeated after 30 min to assess the reproducibility of the expressions. A mathematical facial mesh consisting of thousands of quasi-point ‘vertices’ was conformed to the face in order to determine the morphological characteristics in a comprehensive manner. The vertices were tracked throughout the sequence of the 180 images. Five key 3D facial frames from each sequence of images were analyzed. Comparisons were made between the first and second capture of each facial expression to assess the reproducibility of facial movements. Corresponding images were aligned using partial Procrustes analysis, and the root mean square distance between them was calculated and analyzed statistically (paired Student ttest, P < 0.05). Facial expressions of lip purse, cheek puff, and raising of eyebrows were reproducible. Facial expressions of maximum smile and forceful eye closure were not reproducible. The limited coordination of various groups of facial muscles contributed to the lack of reproducibility of these facial expressions. 4D imaging is a useful clinical tool for the assessment of facial expressions

Comparison of the accuracy of voxel based registration and surface based registration for 3D assessment of surgical change following orthognathic surgery

Purpose: Superimposition of two dimensional preoperative and postoperative facial images, including radiographs and photographs, are used to evaluate the surgical changes after orthognathic surgery. Recently, three dimensional (3D) imaging has been introduced allowing more accurate analysis of surgical changes. Surface based registration and voxel based registration are commonly used methods for 3D superimposition. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the accuracy of the two methods.<p></p> Materials and methods: Pre-operative and 6 months post-operative cone beam CT scan (CBCT) images of 31 patients were randomly selected from the orthognathic patient database at the Dental Hospital and School, University of Glasgow, UK. Voxel based registration was performed on the DICOM images (Digital Imaging Communication in Medicine) using Maxilim software (Medicim-Medical Image Computing, Belgium). Surface based registration was performed on the soft and hard tissue 3D models using VRMesh (VirtualGrid, Bellevue City, WA). The accuracy of the superimposition was evaluated by measuring the mean value of the absolute distance between the two 3D image surfaces. The results were statistically analysed using a paired Student t-test, ANOVA with post-hoc Duncan test, a one sample t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient test.<p></p> Results: The results showed no significant statistical difference between the two superimposition methods (p<0.05). However surface based registration showed a high variability in the mean distances between the corresponding surfaces compared to voxel based registration, especially for soft tissue. Within each method there was a significant difference between superimposition of the soft and hard tissue models.<p></p> Conclusions: There were no significant statistical differences between the two registration methods and it was unlikely to have any clinical significance. Voxel based registration was associated with less variability. Registering on the soft tissue in isolation from the hard tissue may not be a true reflection of the surgical change

Finite element analysis of porously punched prosthetic short stem virtually designed for simulative uncemented hip arthroplasty

Background: There is no universal hip implant suitably fills all femoral types, whether prostheses of porous short-stem suitable for Hip Arthroplasty is to be measured scientifically. Methods: Ten specimens of femurs scanned by CT were input onto Mimics to rebuild 3D models; their *stl format dataset were imported into Geomagic-Studio for simulative osteotomy; the generated *.igs dataset were interacted by UG to fit solid models; the prosthesis were obtained by the same way from patients, and bored by punching bears designed by Pro-E virtually; cements between femora and prosthesis were extracted by deleting prosthesis; in HyperMesh, all compartments were assembled onto four artificial joint style as: (a) cemented long-stem prosthesis; (b) porous long-stem prosthesis; (c) cemented short-stem prosthesis; (d) porous short-stem prosthesis. Then, these numerical models of Finite Element Analysis were exported to AnSys for numerical solution. Results: Observed whatever from femur or prosthesis or combinational femora-prostheses, “Kruskal-Wallis” value p > 0.05 demonstrates that displacement of (d) ≈ (a) ≈ (b) ≈ (c) shows nothing different significantly by comparison with 600 N load. If stresses are tested upon prosthesis, (d) ≈ (a) ≈ (b) ≈ (c) is also displayed; if upon femora, (d) ≈ (a) ≈ (b) < (c) is suggested; if upon integral joint, (d) ≈ (a) < (b) < (c) is presented. Conclusions: Mechanically, these four sorts of artificial joint replacement are stabilized in quantity. Cemented short-stem prostheses present the biggest stress, while porous short-stem & cemented long-stem designs are equivalently better than porous long-stem prostheses and alternatives for femoral-head replacement. The preferred design of those two depends on clinical conditions. The cemented long-stem is favorable for inactive elders with osteoporosis, and porously punched cementless short-stem design is suitable for patients with osteoporosis, while the porously punched cementless short-stem is favorable for those with a cement allergy. Clinically, the strength of this study is to enable preoperative strategy to provide acute correction and decrease procedure time

Correlation of pre-operative cancer imaging techniques with post-operative gross and microscopic pathology images

In this paper, different algorithms for volume reconstruction from tomographic cross-sectional pathology slices are described and tested. A tissue-mimicking phantom made with a mixture of agar and aluminium oxide was sliced at different thickness as per pathological standard guidelines. Phantom model was also virtually sliced and reconstructed in software. Results showed that shape-based spline interpolation method was the most precise, but generated a volume underestimation of 0.5%

Towards a deep learning model for hadronization

Hadronization is a complex quantum process whereby quarks and gluons become hadrons. The widely used models of hadronization in event generators are based on physically inspired phenomenological models with many free parameters. We propose an alternative approach whereby neural networks are used instead. Deep generative models are highly flexible, differentiable, and compatible with graphical processing units. We make the first step towards a data-driven machine learning-based hadronization model. In that step, we replace a component of the hadronization model within the Herwig event generator (cluster model) with HADML, a computer code implementing a generative adversarial network. We show that a HADML is capable of reproducing the kinematic properties of cluster decays. Furthermore, we integrate it into Herwig to generate entire events that can be compared with the output of the public Herwig simulator as well as with $e^{+}e^{-}$ dat

'Direct DICOM slice landmarking' a novel research technique to quantify skeletal changes in orthognathic surgery

The limitations of the current methods of quantifying the surgical movements of facial bones inspired this study. The aim of this study was the assessment of the accuracy and reproducibility of directly landmarking of 3D DICOM images (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) to quantify the changes in the jaw bones following surgery. The study was carried out on plastic skull to simulate the surgical movements of the jaw bones. Cone beam CT scans were taken at 3mm, 6mm, and 9mm maxillary advancement; together with a 2mm, 4mm, 6mm and 8mm “down graft” which in total generated 12 different positions of the maxilla for the analysis. The movements of the maxilla were calculated using two methods, the standard approach where distances between surface landmarks on the jaw bones were measured and the novel approach where measurements were taken directly from the internal structures of the corresponding 3D DICOME slices. A one sample t-test showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods of measurements for the y and z directions, however, the x direction showed a significant difference. The mean difference between the two absolute measurements were 0.34±0.20mm, 0.22±0.16mm, 0.18±0.13mm in the y, z and x directions respectively. In conclusion, the direct landmarking of 3D DICOM image slices is a reliable, reproducible and informative method for assessment of the 3D skeletal changes. The method has a clear clinical application which includes the analysis of the jaw movements “orthognathic surgery” for the correction of facial deformities

Parton Labeling without Matching: Unveiling Emergent Labelling Capabilities in Regression Models

Parton labeling methods are widely used when reconstructing collider events with top quarks or other massive particles. State-of-the-art techniques are based on machine learning and require training data with events that have been matched using simulations with truth information. In nature, there is no unique matching between partons and final state objects due to the properties of the strong force and due to acceptance effects. We propose a new approach to parton labeling that circumvents these challenges by recycling regression models. The final state objects that are most relevant for a regression model to predict the properties of a particular top quark are assigned to said parent particle without having any parton-matched training data. This approach is demonstrated using simulated events with top quarks and outperforms the widely-used $\chi^2$ method.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Longitudinal 3D assessment of facial asymmetry in unilateral cleft lip and palate

Objective: Longitudinal evaluation of asymmetry of the surgically managed unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) to assess the impact of facial growth on facial appearance. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom Patients: Fifteen UCLP infants. Method: The 3-D facial images were captured before surgery, 4 months after surgery, and at 4-year follow-up using stereophotogrammetry. A generic mesh which is a mathematical facial mask that consists of thousands of points (vertices) was conformed on the generated 3-D images. Using Procustean analysis, an average facial mesh was obtained for each age-group. A mirror image of each average mesh was mathematically obtained for the analysis of facial dysmorphology. Facial asymmetry was assessed by measuring the distances between the corresponding vertices of the original and the mirror copy of the conformed meshes, and this was displayed in color-coded map. Results: There was a clear improvement in the facial asymmetry following the primary repair of cleft lip. Residual asymmetry was detected around the nasolabial region. The nasolabial region was the most asymmetrical region of the face; the philtrum, columella, and the vermillion border of the upper lip showed the maximum asymmetry which was more than 5 mm. Facial growth accentuated the underlying facial asymmetry in 3 directions; the philtrum of the upper lip was deviated toward the scar tissue on the cleft side. The asymmetry of the nose was significantly worse at 4-year follow-up (P < .05). Conclusion: The residual asymmetry following the surgical repair of UCLP was more pronounced at 4 years following surgery. The conformed facial mesh provided a reliable and innovative tool for the comprehensive analysis of facial morphology in UCLP. The study highlights the need of refining the primary repair of the cleft and the potential necessity for further corrective surgery